The
governance of ordinary towns was overseen by a central government officer
called the purapala.
In larger towns that served as district headquarters, the district officer
fulfilled this role. If a town was fortified, it was managed by an additional
imperial officer known as the kottapala. For instance, in the
Rashtrakuta Empire, Rudrapayya served as the executive of Saravtura in
Karnataka and was also a bodyguard to Emperor Krishna III, reflecting the
intertwining of military and administrative roles.
Purapalas
were typically selected from learned individuals, indicating that education and
literacy were valued in governance. Many purapalas promoted the study of
various philosophical schools, suggesting a fusion of scholarly pursuits with
administrative responsibilities. Each purapala was assisted by a non-official
committee referred to by different names across the region, such as goshthi,
panchakula, or chaukadika. This committee, representative of
various social classes, played a crucial role in local governance.
Towns
were often subdivided into wards, with each ward electing representatives to
the committee, although the election process remains unclear. The panchakula,
often composed of more than five members, conducted executive functions,
including tax collection and administration of public funds. The presence of a karnaika,
or permanent secretary, was essential for maintaining records and
correspondence. Additionally, the kauptika was appointed to oversee
market dues, providing financial support for town operations. Local committees
occasionally managed customs duties for the central government, illustrating
the intricate relationship between town governance and broader state functions.
Overall,
the evolution of town life in ancient India highlights a complex administrative
structure that balanced local autonomy with central oversight, reflecting the
dynamic nature of society
and culture during this period.
